Terpenes are aromatic compounds found in many plants, though many people commonly associate them with cannabis because cannabis plants contain high concentrations of them. These aromatic compounds create the characteristic scent of many plants, such as cannabis, pine, lavender, as well as fresh orange peel and mangos. The fragrance of most plants is due to a combination of terpenes. In nature, these terpenes protect the plants from animal grazing or infectious germs. They also provide some therapeutic benefits as well. Terpenes are primarily responsible for the smell of most plants and some animal compounds. However, some may also act on the endocannabinoid system in the body in a similar way to cannabinoids. The key difference is that the body absorbs and uses these compounds in different ways. Over 200 different terpenes have been found in cannabis plants, although only a handful of them are in large enough amounts to be noteworthy.
Why are terpenes important? Terpenes play an important role in the aroma and flavor of a cannabis strain. And they potentially work in synergy (entourage effect) with cannabinoids and other cannabis plant compounds to produce psychoactive effects. Researchers have found that terpenes mimic cannabinoids and produce similar pain-relieving effects, which are amplified when the two are used together.
COMMON TERPENES
Here is a list of some of the most commonly found terpenes and their therapeutic properties:
Myrcene- the most commonly found terpene in cannabis, is a sedative, a muscle relaxant, a hypnotic, an analgesic (painkiller), and an anti-inflammatory compound. Often smells earthy, musky, or clove-like. It is also found in mangoes. Potential therapeutic value- treatment of insomnia, inflammation, and pain.
Limonene- improve mood and reduce stress. Researchers also found it to have antifungal and antibacterial properties and one research even found it to have a role in reducing tumor size. Smells lemony and citrusy, it is also used in cosmetic and cleaning products. Potential therapeutic benefits- treatment of anxiety, depression, and potential reduction in tumor growth.
Linalool- relaxing, calming. The floral aroma also commonly found in lavender. Potential therapeutic benefits- treatment of anxiety, insomnia, neurodegenerative disease.
Caryophyllene- the only known cannabinoid that acts as a cannabinoid. It can activate our endocannabinoid system to provide anti-inflammatory effects. Has a peppery, spicy, woody aroma. Also found in black pepper. Potential therapeutic benefits- arthritis relief, anxiety/depression, and pain relief.
Pinene- alertness, anti-anxiety. Also found in conifers, rosemary, and pine needles. Potential therapeutic benefits- pain relief, treatment of asthma, ulcers, and cancer.
Terpinolene- uplifting with an herbal, floral aroma. Also found in tea tree, nutmeg, and cumin. Potential therapeutic benefits- antifungal, antioxidant, antibacterial.
Humulene- woody, earthy, herbal aroma with anti-inflammatory properties. Also found in hops, basil, and cloves. Potential therapeutic benefits- anti-inflammatory, antibacterial.