Question: "How do I know what the answer is between options A and D?"

Answer: This is less based on the analysis of proportion and more on fundamental knowledge. Between option choices A and D, it is clear that the difference is the fact that one of the lines is hidden on A but a solid line on D.

Looking at the front view, you should automatically see that option D is correct. If option A were to be correct, then the half-circle feature (highlighted in orange) would have to be a rectangle that is flush with the right edge of the figure (when viewed from the front view). This technique of asking yourself if the option choice aligns with the given views is critical. So again, this question deals with fundamental knowledge.
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Question: "I still can't understand the difference between C and D. What would the top and front view look like for D compared to C?"

​Answer: You must ask yourself what happens with the given views if one of the answer options is indeed correct. With regards to option choice D, there would have to be a separation between the two components of the circular features, resulting in the solid line seen on option choice D. This solid line is absent on option choice C because the two half-circular features extend to the same inferior level (from top-view) and to the same left boundary (on end-view). What I have drawn is not perfect because any of the changes I have proposed will actually further change the other given view but this is exactly why option choice D is incorrect. I hope that helps.

Question: "In this question, I immediately crossed out B and C because of the height levels. When looking at A and D, I wasn't too sure which lines were visible vs which were not."

Answer: I have labelled the question above to better explain the thought process that one should go through when answering the question. When we compare option choices A and D, it is obvious that only two lines differ. The key to analyzing these two lines lies in where the features end on each given view.
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Top view: I have labelled each feature with a number. As you can see, all four features end at the same level indicated by the orange arrows, meaning that the front face should consist of a continuous face for the most part. Option choice A shows this perfectly. However, in option D, features 1 and 2 are continuous whereas 3 and 4 are not. If this was true, then on the top view, we would not see all features end at the same level indicated by the orange arrows.
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End view: The end view confirms that all features end at the same level as indicated by the red arrows.

Question: "I am unsure how to tell that the left shape is flush in the image below. There is a solid line, how does it show that it is flush? What does the solid line indicate?"

Answer: "You should be able to see that the top feature is flush based on the two given views. I have included a graphic below and have marked the edges of importance in blue. You should be able to see that from the end view, the feature will be continuous since you see no odd geometry on the front and top view. Instead, we see straight vertical lines on the front and top view.

Ask yourself this, if option choice C were to be correct, what would have to change? Well, The edges marked in red would have to be difference since option choice C is showing a direct change in geometry with the solid line.

If this is confusing, please watch the TFE video series again to completion as it contains all the foundational information that you may need. I hope that helps."

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Question: "Can you please explain how we know that the square in the middle of answer choice A is visible just by looking at the given FRONT and END views? On the 3-D model, there are 3 layers in the front view but in the given 2-D front view, there are 2 layers."

Answer: You simply have to orientate the 3D figure correctly before analyzing it. In this particular instance, the initial view, once the model is loaded, is NOT the front view. It is the back view. Furthermore, it is flipped upside down. This is the front view:
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As you can see, it displays two 'layers' as you have called it which matches what we are given on the question.
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To answer your main question, however, please look at the following drawing and pay attention to the two hidden vertical lines on the end view that extend all the way to the top of the figure. This is a dead giveaway that we will be able to see the cut-out from the top view. This is also the reason we are able to see the feature behind the center square directly from the top view. I hope that helps.
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Question: "Why is it that the answer is A and not D? How can we tell that the object is flushed together from the end view by looking at the front and top view?"

Answer: It is important for you to analyze the given views carefully so you understand why the answer is A. This skill is extremely important if you truly want to master this section. There are a few clues on the top and front view that allow us to make this assumption but the biggest one is shown by the green arrow on the photo below. The tall feature marked with the orange dot is flush with the feature marked with the purple dot. If option choice D were to be true, then how do you think the front view would change? The top view would not necessarily change but the front view would certainly change if the answer was D. Think about this for a few minutes and I think you may come to understand why A is the correct answer. I hope this helps.
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Question: "What is the difference between choices A and D?"

Answer: Please have a look at the image below. Option choice A situates the internal feature too low. Option choice B matches what is seen in the front view with respect to the positioning of the internal feature.
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Question: "How do I know what the answer is between options B and D?"

Answer: Over time, you should simply get better at analyzing small differences. Unfortunately, there is no rule for this, it just comes down to practice. For example, between option choices B and D, you must identify the feature that makes them different. In this scenario, it's the width between two lines that I have identified in the image below. You should be able to see that the width between these two lines matches option choice B, rather than the wider measurement seen in option choice D. Therefore, no special tricks needed here, just simple analysis.