1. Native / Non-native Status
Native to the UK and much of western and southern Europe.
2. Evergreen / Deciduous
Evergreen – keeps its glossy green leaves year-round.
3. Appearance
Leaves: Thick, glossy, dark green leaves with wavy edges. On younger growth, leaves often have sharp spines; on older/shaded branches, they may be smoother.
Bark: Smooth, grey, and thin, becoming slightly fissured with age.
Flowers/Fruit/Seeds: Small, white, four-petalled flowers appear in late spring. Female trees (if pollinated) produce bright red berries that last through winter.
Overall shape: Can grow as a multi-stemmed shrub or small tree with a dense, rounded crown.
4. Typical Size
Usually 3–8 m.
5. Habitat & Range
Widespread across the UK. Found in woodlands (especially as understory), hedgerows, churchyards, parks, and gardens. Tolerates shade very well.
6. Distinctive Features (ID tips)
Glossy, spiny leaves that remain green in winter.
Bright red berries in winter (on female plants only).
Shade-loving, often forming dense evergreen clumps in woods.
7. Seasonal Changes
Spring: White flowers appear.
Summer: Dense, glossy foliage provides cover.
Autumn: Berries ripen (on female trees).
Winter: Evergreen leaves and red berries stand out when most other trees are bare.
8. Human Uses
Traditionally used for Christmas decorations (wreaths, garlands).
Historically planted as protective hedging (spiny leaves deter livestock and intruders).
Hard, white wood valued for tool handles, inlays, and engraving.
Leaves and berries are mildly toxic if eaten.
9. Wildlife Value
Berries provide winter food for birds (e.g. thrushes, blackbirds, redwings).
Dense foliage offers shelter for small mammals and nesting birds.
Flowers attract pollinators like bees and hoverflies.
10. Fun Fact / Cultural Note
Holly has been a symbol of protection and eternal life since ancient times. Druids and Romans used it in midwinter festivals, and it later became closely tied to Christmas traditions.
Male and female flowers grow on separate trees (dioecious), so only female holly produces berries — and only if a male is nearby for pollination.
11. Planting & Care (Basic Instructions)
Best time to plant: Late autumn or early spring.
Soil: Prefers moist but well-drained soil; tolerates clay, loam, or sandy soils; grows best in slightly acidic conditions but is adaptable.
Light: Thrives in partial shade but can also grow in full sun or full shade.
Watering: Water regularly for the first year until established; generally drought-tolerant once mature.
Spacing: Allow 3–5 m for individual trees; for hedges, plant 30–60 cm apart.
Aftercare: Mulch around the base to retain moisture. Young plants may need staking. Prune in late winter or early spring to shape or control size.