Everything Phreno builds is grounded in science. This page is our full index of the research, clinical studies, and technical references that have shaped our product — from how we detect impacts to how we assess risk. We publish this in the spirit of transparency and to support the broader conversation around athlete safety.
🧠 Concussion Basics & Symptoms
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Symptoms of Mild TBI and Concussion." Traumatic Brain Injury & Concussion, 26 Jan. 2024. cdc.gov
Mayo Clinic Staff. "Concussion — Symptoms and Causes." Mayo Clinic, 17 Feb. 2022. mayoclinic.org
Cleveland Clinic. "Concussion: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatments, Prevention." Cleveland Clinic, 2 June 2020. clevelandclinic.org
"What Is a Concussion?" Concussion Legacy Foundation, 14 Oct. 2024. concussionfoundation.org
Tator, Charles. "Concussions and Their Consequences: Current Diagnosis, Management and Prevention." Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. 185, no. 11, 22 July 2013, pp. 975–979. doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.120039
Graham, Robert, et al. "Concussion Recognition, Diagnosis, and Acute Management." Nih.gov, National Academies Press (US), 4 Feb. 2014. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Permenter, Cara M., and Andrew L. Sherman. "Postconcussive Syndrome." PubMed, StatPearls Publishing, 2023. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Sandel, Elizabeth. "What Is Post-Concussion Syndrome?" Elizabeth Sandel, M.D., 9 Dec. 2021. elizabethsandelmd.com
Summa Health. "Concussion Signs and Symptoms." Summa Health Concussion Management Program, 2025. summahealth.org
Nania, Rachel. "5 Things to Know About Concussions." AARP, 10 Mar. 2023. aarp.org
"Concussion Awareness and Dangers of Head Injury." Children's Healthcare of Atlanta. choa.org
⚡ Impact Biomechanics & Risk
Campolettano, Eamon T., et al. "Development of a Concussion Risk Function for a Youth Population Using Head Linear and Rotational Acceleration." Annals of Biomedical Engineering, vol. 48, no. 1, 28 Oct. 2019, pp. 92–103. doi.org/10.1007/s10439-019-02382-2
Harmon, Kimberly G., et al. "American Medical Society for Sports Medicine Position Statement: Concussion in Sport." British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 47, no. 1, 13 Dec. 2012, pp. 15–26. doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091941
Saklecha, Anjay. "Hard Hits: Concussions on the Rise." Harker Aquila, 8 Jan. 2017. harkeraquila.com
Shaw, Meg. "Buckeye Built: Riddell Uses Data, Lab Studies to Create Next Generation of Football Helmets." News 5 Cleveland WEWS, 31 Jan. 2020. news5cleveland.com
"Head Injuries & American Football." Ethics Unwrapped. ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu
📡 Wearable Technology & Data
Powell, Dylan, et al. "Exploring Inertial-Based Wearable Technologies for Objective Monitoring in Sports-Related Concussion: A Single-Participant Report." Physical Therapy, 23 Feb. 2022. doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzac016
"Sports Related Concussion: An Emerging Era in Digital Sports Technology." NPJ Digital Medicine, vol. 4, no. 1, 2 Dec. 2021, p. 164. doi.org/10.1038/s41746-021-00538-w
"Eye Tracking in Sports Performance Research." Tobii. tobii.com
🔄 Return to Play
Carson, James D., et al. "Premature Return to Play and Return to Learn after a Sport-Related Concussion: Physician's Chart Review." Canadian Family Physician, vol. 60, no. 6, 1 June 2014, pp. e310, e312–315. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Geier, David. "Don't Return to Play Too Soon after Injury." Dr. Geier, 29 Aug. 2017. drdavidgeier.com
Zeigler, Terry. "Second Impact Syndrome | Symptoms, Treatment, Recovery & Stories." SportsMD, 28 Dec. 2014. sportsmd.com
⚖️ Ethics & Privacy
Sui, Anna, et al. "Ethical Considerations for the Use of Consumer Wearables in Health Research." DIGITAL HEALTH, vol. 9, Jan. 2023, p. 205520762311537. doi.org/10.1177/20552076231153740
McNamee, Michael J., et al. "Concussion Ethics and Sports Medicine." Clinics in Sports Medicine, vol. 35, no. 2, Apr. 2016, pp. 257–267. doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2015.10.008
Governance, Adam Nunn, Sr. Director of. "Biometrics and Coronavirus: Balancing Promise with Privacy." Auth0, 21 May 2020. auth0.com
Friedman, Daniel J., and Karim M. Khan. "Preventing Overdiagnosis and the Harms of Too Much Sport and Exercise Medicine." British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 53, no. 20, 5 Dec. 2018, pp. 1314–1318. doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-100039
Gonchar, Michael. "Do Sports Teams Have a Responsibility to Hold Players to a Standard for Their Personal Conduct?" The New York Times, 9 Sept. 2014. nytimes.com
🏥 Healthcare & Patient Empowerment
Calvillo, Jorge, et al. "How Technology Is Empowering Patients? A Literature Review." Health Expectations, vol. 18, no. 5, 28 May 2013, pp. 643–652. doi.org/10.1111/hex.12089
Drew, Michael K., et al. "Health Systems in High-Performance Sport: Key Functions to Protect Health and Optimize Performance in Elite Athletes." Vol. 53, no. 8, 7 June 2023, pp. 1479–1489. doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01855-8
Kreuter, Matthew W., et al. "Addressing Social Needs in Health Care Settings: Evidence, Challenges, and Opportunities for Public Health." Annual Review of Public Health, vol. 42, no. 1, 16 Dec. 2020. doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-102204
Corneil, Heidi, et al. "Shared Decision-Making in Athletes Diagnosed with a Cardiovascular Condition: A Scoping Review." Current Problems in Cardiology, vol. 48, no. 10, 1 Oct. 2023, p. 101815. doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101815
CDC. "Social Determinants of Health." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 15 Sept. 2023. cdc.gov
🧪 Neurology & Diagnostics
Johns Hopkins Medicine. "Electroencephalogram (EEG)." Johns Hopkins Medicine, 2019. hopkinsmedicine.org
Peters, Brandon. "What It's Like to Have an Electroencephalogram (EEG)." Verywell Health, 2020. verywellhealth.com
NanoTemper Technologies. "10 Ways to Fund Your Neurodegenerative Disease Research." NanoTemper Technologies, 27 Oct. 2023. nanotempertech.com