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Training Modes: How to Build the Cognitive Stack

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Why modes matter

Tasks stop working when the load stops progressing. Modes let you layer pressure on any task to build a Cognitive Stack instead of endlessly swapping drills.

Principle

  • The task is not the stimulus.

  • The load is the stimulus.

  • Use modes to scale load, drive adaptation, and sustain progress.


Audiovisual Modes

What they are

Real-time audio and visual feedback that shapes decision-making.

Types

  • Visual − feedback on incorrect responses

  • Visual + feedback on correct responses

  • Visual +− feedback on both

  • Audio − feedback on incorrect responses

  • Audio + feedback on correct responses

  • Audio +− feedback on both

When to use

  • Build mental toughness

  • Reinforce desired actions

  • Correct errors quickly

  • Balance complexity with mixed cues

What to watch

Observe whether the athlete responds better to positive or negative cues. Over time, errors should decrease and corrections become faster.

Analytics

If Visual modes are applied, track the count:

  • Visual − only decreases on errors

  • Visual + only increases on corrects

  • Visual +− moves up or down with each response


EDM Mode

What it does

Shows feedback on every response and measures recovery after errors.

When to use

Improve error awareness and post-error decision-making.

How it works

  • Track EDM reaction time after each error

  • Compare EDM RT to the primary task RT

What to watch

The gap between EDM RT and task RT should shrink over time.

Analytics

Monitor both task RT and EDM RT. The smaller the gap, the faster the recovery after errors.


CSQ Mode

What it does

Adds 15 seconds to task time for each error. Consecutive errors during the penalty add more time.

When to use

Increase focus and accuracy for punishment-sensitive athletes.

What to watch

CSQ count and total added time should trend down over time.

Analytics

Track CSQ count and total time extension to confirm improved control under pressure.


DRT Mode

What it does

Measures attentional load by adding a secondary tap-to-signal task.

When to use

Assess task difficulty and track attentional capacity across a plan.

What to watch

A slower DRT RT than the primary RT indicates higher cognitive load. Aim to reduce DRT RT as capacity improves.

Analytics

Compare primary RT and DRT RT to measure attentional resource use.


Time to Exhaustion (TTE) Mode

What it does

Trains cognitive endurance by maintaining target RT under time pressure until failure.

When to use

Build mental stamina and sustained focus.

How it works

  • 3-minute test sets target RT

  • Threshold = target RT + 20%

  • Task ends when the threshold is exceeded

What to watch

TTE time should increase while accuracy stays stable.

Analytics

Track TTE duration to measure endurance gains over time.


VPF Mode

What it does

Gives percentile feedback vs previous correct response to drive consistency.

When to use

Tighten reaction-time control and reduce variability.

What to watch

Reaction times should become steadier with fewer spikes or dips.

Analytics

Watch variation decrease as consistency improves.


Adaptive Mode

What it does

Auto-adjusts task difficulty to keep cognitive stress in the optimal zone.

When to use

Provide continuous challenge without manual tuning.

What to watch

As difficulty increases, accuracy should hold and variation should drop.

Analytics

Track reaction time, accuracy, and variation trends to confirm consistent progress.


HRZ Mode

What it does

Requires the athlete to stay within a chosen heart-rate zone during cognitive tasks. The task pauses if they move outside the zone.

When to use

Concurrent brain-body training with controlled physiological stress.

Zones

Z1 50–60% HRmax Z2 60–70% Z3 70–80% Z4 80–90% Z5 90–100%

What to watch

Cognitive performance should stay consistent within the target zone, with stable mean and minute-on-minute data.

Analytics

Track reaction-time trends and accuracy stability to confirm consistent performance under controlled heart-rate conditions.


CEM Mode

What it does

Athletes must reach a target heart rate and hold it for 3 seconds to respond.

When to use

Combine decision-making with escalating physical demand.

What to watch

Reaction times should improve over time as athletes adapt to physical and cognitive load.

Analytics

Track reaction-time trends to confirm faster responses and improved efficiency under physical fatigue.


AHR Mode

What it does

Guides athletes through multiple HR zones during a task, pausing if they move outside the target zone.

When to use

Train zone control and adaptability in one session.

What to watch

Reaction times and accuracy should remain stable across zones, with minimal variation in both mean and minute-on-minute data.

Analytics

Track reaction-time and accuracy trends to confirm adaptability and efficiency at different intensities.


AHV Mode

What it does

Adjusts cognitive difficulty in real time based on HRV changes.

When to use

Align cognitive load with physiological readiness.

What to watch

Monitor minute-on-minute HRV and mean data trends across the training plan.

Analytics

Track HRV changes for each task to identify which tasks create the highest physiological load and how the athlete adapts over time.


TSM Mode

What it does

Adds a secondary cognitive task to create a dual-task challenge.

When to use

Train cognitive agility, task switching, and divided attention.

What to watch

The gap between TSM RT and primary RT should narrow as the athlete adapts.

Analytics

Compare primary RT and TSM RT. A higher TSM RT indicates greater cognitive load; a smaller gap shows improved neural efficiency and dual-task control.


DPM Mode

What it does

Highlights performance drops with a pink timer bar.

When to use

Keep athletes alert to dips in focus or effort.

What to watch

Variation should decrease over time as focus and consistency improve.

Analytics

Monitor mean and minute-on-minute variation to confirm steadier performance and fewer lapses in focus.


PCM Mode

What it does

Each error triggers a sprint to HR Zone 4 for 5 seconds. Each additional error adds 5 seconds, up to 20.

When to use

Link cognitive mistakes to physical exertion to build focus and resilience.

What to watch

Total PCM count should decrease over the training plan, showing improved accuracy and mental control.

Analytics

Track PCM count and error trends to confirm progress in focus and error reduction.


TPM Mode

What it does

Applies a secondary timer that increases time pressure, forcing the athlete to perform quickly under stress.

When to use

Develop rapid decision-making and performance under pressure.

What to watch

TPM count should decline across the training plan as reaction times improve.

Analytics

Track TPM count, reaction time, and accuracy trends to confirm better speed and control under pressure.

Training Modes Summary

Mode

Core Function

Primary Goal

Key Metric to Watch

Audiovisual

Real-time audio/visual feedback

Shape decision-making and behavior

Error rate, correction speed

EDM

Feedback on every response

Improve post-error recovery

Gap between EDM RT & Task RT

CSQ

Time penalties for errors

Build focus & punishment resilience

CSQ count, total added time

DRT

Secondary tap task

Measure attentional load

DRT RT vs Primary RT

TTE

Maintain target RT until failure

Train cognitive endurance

Time to exhaustion

VPF

Percentile feedback per correct

Build consistency & control

RT variation over time

Adaptive (ADM)

Auto-adjusts difficulty

Keep optimal cognitive stress

RT, accuracy & variation trend

HRZ

Fixed heart rate zone

Maintain cognitive control under HR stress

Mean & MoM stability

CEM

Respond via elevated HR

Combine decision & physical load

Reaction time improvement

AHR

Move through HR zones

Train adaptability across HR ranges

Mean & MoM stability across zones

AHV

Adjusts via HRV feedback

Match cognitive load to physiology

HRV trend alignment

TSM

Adds secondary cognitive task

Train agility & dual-task control

TSM RT vs Task RT gap

DPM

Highlights performance drops

Maintain focus under fatigue

Variation (Mean & MoM)

PCM

Sprint penalty for errors

Build mental & physical resilience

PCM count & error trend

TPM

Adds time pressure

Improve speed & decisions under stress

TPM count, RT, accuracy trend

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