Summary
Local Tests - Signing with a development profile is supported. For XCUITest the test runner must be signed with a development profile but the app can be signed with any type of profile.
App Center Tests - You may sign with any profile because we always resign your app with one of our development profiles. There is one important exception: we are not able to resign a build created for the App Store, so we can not run tests in App Center with apps built for distribution to the App Store.
Background
Most test frameworks only support development profiles. So, when tests run locally on your development machine, in general, we only support development profiles. One exception is the recent switch to leverage XCUITest. In this model there are two applications: the application under test (AUT) and the test runner. In this case, the AUT can be signed using any type of profile but the test runner must be signed with a development profile.
When tests are run in the App Center Test Cloud they are resigned before the tests start running. This is a necessary step to enable your app to run on our devices. This means that it does not matter which type of profile you used to sign your application that you upload to App Center Test, because it will be resigned with one of our development profiles.