Short answer
Yes, in most cases. Many phones let you keep your regular SIM active for calls and SMS while using the eSIM for mobile data.
How it usually works
Keep your main SIM active for calls and messages.
Select the travel eSIM as the line for Mobile Data / Cellular Data.
Turn Data Roaming ON for the travel eSIM when you are in the destination.
To avoid extra charges on your main SIM
Turn Data Roaming OFF on your main SIM if you do not want your home carrier to use roaming data.
If your phone keeps using the wrong line for data, temporarily turn mobile data off for the main SIM or choose the eSIM manually for Mobile Data.