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Habitat Type: Sparsely vegetated land - Maritime cliff and slopes
Habitat Type: Sparsely vegetated land - Maritime cliff and slopes
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Written by Oliver Lewis
Updated over 8 months ago

Photo kindly provided by UKHAB ©.

The following is a short summary of the habitat type and how to create/enhance it to a "good" condition. For an informed position, please refer to official up-to-date UKHAB documentation or the UK Government's Condition Assessment Sheet.

This habitat consists of the junction (or convergence) between land and sea where a break in slope is formed by slippage or erosion by the sea. On the seaward side, the habitat extends to the limit of the supralittoral zone and so includes the splash zone lichens. On the landward side, the habitat extends to the limit of saltspray influence (e.g where the spray and sea water stop having an effect on the surrounding habitat).

Landscape and Ecological Context

Hard cliffs are widely distributed around the more exposed coasts of the UK, occurring principally in south-west and south-east England, in northwest and south-west Wales, in western and northern Scotland and on the north coast of Northern Ireland. Soft cliffs are more restricted, occurring mainly on the east and central south coasts of England and in Cardigan Bay and north-west Wales. There are also examples on the coasts of Fife and Skye in Scotland and Antrim in Northern Ireland.

Exposure to wind and salt spray is a key determinant of vegetation type, as is the geology of the cliff or slope. Vegetated cliff species include Sea Campion (Silene uniflora), Thrift (Armeria maritima), Rock Samphire (Crithmum maritimum), Buck’s Horn Plantain (Plantago maritima), a high frequency of Red Fescue (Festuca rubra) and Creeping Bent (Agrostis stolonifera)

How to Create / Enhance to a "Good" condition

There are a set of criteria that are used to judge the condition of this habitat. These are listed below.

Criterion

A

The parcel represents a good example of its specific habitat type, with characteristic indicator species present in the typical successional stages, transitions and or mosaics, at sufficient cover and frequency to be a good example.

Note - this criterion is essential for achieving Good condition.

B

Vegetation structure (sward height variation, zonation) is varied and not uniform.

C

Naturally open ground or bare surfaces are present as part of a sequence of colonisation and succession.

D

Coastal processes needed to support the habitat are functional and are not modified by hard engineering or other forms of negative intervention.

E

The landform reflects the interaction of coastal processes and geology, and there is a varied topography present supporting the relevant range of habitat types.

F

There is an absence of invasive non-native species2 (as listed on Schedule 9 of WCA3).

Combined cover of species indicative of suboptimal condition4 and physical damage (such as excessive poaching, damage from machinery use or storage, damaging levels of access, or any other damaging management activities) accounts for less than 5% of total area.

G

Any scrub (including bramble Rubus fruticosus agg.) present accounts for less than 10% of the area within the habitat or bare substrate matrix.

Blocks of scrub or woodland, which might be desirable in their own right should be classified and mapped separately.

H

Water quality and quantity (for example, seasonal fluctuations in dune slacks or seepages on cliff slopes) is sufficient to support the range of water-dependent parts of the habitat.

Condition Assessment Result (out of 8 criteria)

Condition Assessment Score

Passes 7 or 8 criteria including essential criterion A

Good

Passes 5 or 6 criteria;
OR
Passes 7 criteria excluding essential criterion A

Moderate

Passes 4 or fewer criteria

Poor

Footnote 1 - Professional judgement should be used alongside the UKHab description.

Footnote 2 – Assess this for each distinct habitat parcel. If the distribution of invasive non-native species varies across the habitat, split into parcels accordingly, applying a buffer zone around the invasive non-native species with a size relative to its risk of spread into adjacent habitat, using professional judgement.

Footnote 3 – Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended).

Footnote 4 - General coastal species indicative of suboptimal condition: creeping thistle Cirsium arvense, spear thistle Cirsium vulgare, curled dock Rumex crispus, broad-leaved dock Rumex obtusifolius, common nettle Urtica dioica, bramble, white willow Salix alba hybrids, and non-native garden plants.

Grassland species indicative of suboptimal condition: creeping thistle Cirsium arvense, spear thistle Cirsium vulgare, curled dock Rumex crispus, broad-leaved dock Rumex obtusifolius, common nettle Urtica dioica, creeping buttercup Ranunculus repens, greater plantain Plantago major and cow parsley Anthriscus sylvestris.

Heathland species indicative of suboptimal condition: bracken Pteridium aquilinum.

There may be additional relevant species local to the region and or site.

Useful Resources

If you are interested in enhancing or creating this habitat, you should consider the following (all recommended by CIEEM):

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